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The types of bleeding and first aid

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What is the bleeding?

Bleeding is the blood loss caused by damage to blood vessels. The integrity of the blood vessels can be compromised by injuries, pyo molten, raising blood pressure, the toxins. Changes in the chemical composition of the blood can also cause bleeding. It provokes a wide number of diseases: sepsis, scarlet fever, hemophilia, jaundice, scurvy, and so on.

When bleeding occurs in the body cavity (abdominal, pleural), it is called internal. Bleeding into the tissues called a hematoma. If any diffuse cloth soaked with blood, talking about the hemorrhage (subcutaneous tissue, brain tissue, etc.).

There are several common classifications of bleeding.

Time bleeding can be:

  • primary (arise immediately after an injury or tissue damage);
  • early secondary (occur a few hours or after injury, before falling into the wound infection);
  • late secondary (starts after the development of infection in the wound).
  • Depending on the severity and blood loss bleeding are:

    • first degree (loss of circulating blood not more than 5 %);
    • second degree (loss of circulating blood by about 15 %);
    • third degree (loss of circulating blood of about 30 %);
    • fourth degree (loss of circulating blood more than 30 %).

    Symptoms of bleeding

    The symptoms of bleeding depend on the species and the type of damaged blood vessels.

    Arterial bleeding occurs when damage to the arteries (carotid, femoral, axillary, etc.) It is the most dangerous, as the blood is thrown very quickly,pulsating jet. Is rapidly acute anemia; the color of blood – bright red. The victim becomes pale, his pulse speeded up, blood pressure decreases rapidly, there is dizziness, nausea and vomiting, fainting. Death may occur due to oxygen starvation or cardiac arrest.

    Venous bleeding occurs in violation of the integrity of the veins. Blood flows continuous flow and has a dark cherry color. If the intravenous pressure is not too high, the blood may spontaneously stop formed by a fixed clot. But bleeding leads to shock phenomena in the body, which often leads to death.

    Capillary bleeding is the least dangerous and stops independently. Blood oozes from the wound, the damaged vessels cannot be seen. The danger of capillary bleeding is only in diseases that affect blood clotting (hemophilia, sepsis, hepatitis).

    Parenchymal bleeding occurs when damage all the blood vessels in the wounds. It is dangerous, it is usually very strong and long lasting.

    Symptoms of bleeding can depend on the localization of the wounds. If bleeding occurs inside the skull, squeezed the brain, appears oppressive feeling in the head, especially in the temporal part. Pleural hemorrhage (hemothorax) lead to compression of the lung, dyspnea. Ruptures of the abdominal cavity cause the accumulation of blood (hemoperitoneum): a person is observed abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting. Bleeding into the cavity of the heart membranes cause reduction of cardiac activity, cyanosis; venous pressure increased.

    When bleeding happens inside the joint increases its volume. With joint palpation or movement a person feels strong pain. Interstitial hematoma is characterized by swelling, tenderness on palpation, severe pallor of the skin. If time does not provide treatment, the hematoma will squeeze the veins, which can lead to the development of gangrene of the limb.


    Arterial bleeding and first aid

    Arterial bleeding is one of the most dangerous bleeding, carrying a direct threat to human life. This is due primarily to the fact that blood loss is high and intense. It is therefore important to know himmain features and rules of first aid.

    Arteries are the blood vessels that the blood circulates through them and is delivered to all vital organs. If the artery is damaged as a result of any traumatic factor, the blood starts to flow out. To understand that the bleeding blood is not difficult, it is characterized by such features as: bright red blood, the consistency is fluid, from the wound follows, and hits a powerful stream similar to the stream in the fountain. There is always a ripple that occurs in time with the contraction of the heart muscle. As the blood comes fast, a person can experience spasserovannye vessels and loss of consciousness.

    The algorithm first aid for arterial bleeding

    Rules of first aid will vary, depending on where the localized injury and what artery was damaged:

    1. First and foremost, you need to use a tourniquet that will prevent the loss of blood. Before fixation, it is important to press the injured artery to the bone, above the place where there is an extravasation of blood. If the injured shoulder is the fist embedded in the axilla, and the arm pressed against the body, and if injured forearm to lay any suitable size object in my elbow and as much to bend the arm at the joint. If the wounding of the thigh the artery is clamped with a fist in the groin area, if injured lower leg in the popliteal area placed corresponding to the object and the leg is bent at the joint.

    2. The limb should be raised under harness needs to put the fabric. When at hand is no rubber band, you can replace ordinary gauze or strip of cloth. For a tight fit you can use a conventional stick.

    3. It is important not to overdo the tourniquet on a limb, it is necessary to remove it in 1 – 1.5 hours, depending on the time of year. It is best to make it blend on the paper and put it under the bandage. You must do this to avoid tissue death, and did not need amputation of a limb.

    4. When wearing your harness is expired, and the victim is not hospitalized, it is necessary to loosen it for a few minutes. While the wound is hold hands, using a clean cloth.

    5. As quickly as possible deliver the victim in medical institution where he will have qualified help.

    Different rules help in case of arterial bleeding from the feet, and brushes. In this case, the wiring overlay is not necessary. Enough to bandage the injuredplace and lift it higher.

    Code injured arteries such as subclavian, iliac, carotid, or temporal, the blood is stopped by tight tamponade wound. To do this in the damaged area put or sterile cotton, or sterile napkin, then on top place a layer of bandage and tightly wrapped it.

    Read more: First aid for arterial bleeding


    Venous bleeding and first aid

    Venous bleeding is characterized by the extravasation of blood from the veins, as a result of their injuries. Veins supplying blood to the heart from the capillaries, primitively organs and tissues.

    To understand what a person has had venous bleeding, you should consider the following signs: the blood is painted in a dark red or cherry color. She poured a fountain, and coming out of the wound slowly and fairly evenly. Even if you have been injured large veins and bleeding abundant, it is still not observed pulsation. If it is, it is slightly perceptible, due to the irradiation of the pulse from a nearby artery.

    Venous bleeding is dangerous not less than arterial. In this case, a person can die not only because of the abundant blood loss, but also because of the suction of air through the veins and shipping it to the heart muscle. The entrapment of air occurs while breathing in during injury of large veins, especially on the neck and is called air embolism.

    The algorithm first aid for venous bleeding

    In this case, there is no need of applying the tourniquet and rules of first aid are as follows:

    1. If Vienna is injured limb, it is necessary to lift up. This is done with the purpose to reduce the blood flow to the damaged areas.

    2. You then proceed to the imposition of a pressure bandage. For this purpose, there is a pack of dressing. If this is not at hand, then the wound is superimposed a clean napkin or cloth, folded several times, and then she wrapped a bandage on top. On top of the bandage need to put the handkerchief.

    3. Place of imposing such a bandage below the injury site. It is important to apply the bandage tight and in a circle, otherwise it will only provoke increased output of blood.

    4. The criterion for the correctness of performed actions is the absence ofbleeding and the presence of pulsation below the wound site.

    5. When the hand is not clean cloth, it should be possible greatly to hold the injured limb in the joint, clamp it or place just below the exit of blood with your fingers.

    6. The victim in any case should be hospitalized.

    Sometimes, with severe bleeding, stop it is not possible using only one dressing. In this case, it is advisable to use a harness. It is applied below the wound, due to the method of delivery of blood to the heart muscle pumping.

    Read more: First aid for venous bleeding

    Capillary bleeding and first aid

    Capillary bleeding is the most common bleeding. It does not pose a threat to human life, as the capillary is the smallest blood vessels that permeate all tissues and organs. It has its own distinctive features. The blood flowing from the capillaries, has a bright scarlet color, the discharge is not intense, as the pressure in this case will be minimal, ripple is completely absent.

    The algorithm of the first aid treatment of capillary bleeding

    A rule of first aid treatment of capillary bleeding simple.

    In this case, does not need a tourniquet, it is sufficient to confine the following actions:

    1. Rinse and disinfect the wound.

    2. The injured place should be tight to pull, but thus not to disturb the current of arterial and venous blood, that is not too much.

    3. To the scene of the injury apply cold to promote vasoconstriction.

    If a person has a flesh wound and no other injuries, hospitalization it is not required.

    Read more: First aid for capillary bleeding


    Parenchymal bleeding and first aid

    Parenchymal bleeding is bleeding that occurred in the internal organs, which is characterized by copious blood loss. It can be stopped only by surgery. To the organs the parenchyma includes the lungs, liver, kidneys, spleen. Since their fabric is extremely gentle, dazhe neznachitelnaya ee travmatizciya vedet k vozniknoveniu obilnogo krovotecheniya.

    chtoby opredelit parenhimatoznoe krovotechenie, nuzhno orientirovatsya na sleduushie priznaki: obshaya slabost, golovokruzhenie, obmorok, poblednenie kozhnyh pokrovov, nizkaya pulsaciya pri uchashennom serdcebienii, padenie arterialnogo davleniya. v zavisimosti ot togo, kakoj organ byl travmirovan, libo bolen, mozhno budet zapodozrit parenhimatoznoe krovotechenie legkih, pecheni, pochek i pr.

    algoritm okazaniya pervoj pomoshi pri parenhimatoznom krovotechenii

    tak kak etot vid krovopoteri yavlyaetsya opasnym dlya zhizni cheloveka, dejstvovat neobhodimo bystro:

    1. postradavshego nuzhno kak mozhno skoree otpravit v medicinskoe uchrezhdenie. esli net vozmozhnosti vyzvat brigadu skoroj pomoshi, to otpravlyatsya nuzhno svoim hodom.

    2. ni davyashie povyazki, ni nalozhenie zhgutov v dannom sluchae ne okazhut vliyaniya na kolichestvo poteryannoj krovi.

    3. do priezda brigady medikov cheloveku neobhodim pokoj. dlya etogo nuzhno ulozhit ego v gorizontalnoe polozhenie, a nogi slegka pripodnyat.

    4. na tu oblast, gde predpolozhitelno vozniklo krovotechenie nuzhno prilozhit holod. esli transportirovka bolnogo do medicinskogo uchrezhdeniya zatyagivaetsya, to mozhno ispolzovat takie sredstva, kak: vikasol, etamzilat, aminokapronovaya kislota.

    v sostoyanii ostanovit parenhimatoznoe krovotechenie lish vrach-hirurg. v zavisimosti ot haraktera povrezhdeniya budut nalozheny slozhnye shvy, provedena emobilizaciya i elekrokoagulyaciya sosudov, podshivanie salnika i prochie hirurgicheskie sposoby vozdejstviya. v nekotoryh sluchayah trebuet parallelnoe perelivanie krovi i ispolzovanie solevyh rastvorov.


    zheludochno-kishechnoe krovotechenie i okazanie pervoj pomoshi

    otdelnogo vnimaniya zasluzhivaut zheludochno-kishechnye krovotecheniya, tak kak oni yavlyautsya ugrozhaushimi dlya zhizni sostoyaniyami. vazhno ne propustit pervye priznaki takoj krovopoteri i vovremya obratitsya za pomoshu k specialistu. sredi nih mozhno vydelit sleduushie: krovavaya rvota s korichnevymi primesyami, nalichie zhidkogo krovyanistogo stula, blednost kozhnyh pokrovov, uchashenie pulsa pri snizhennom arterialnom davlenii, obshaya slabost, soprovozhdaemaya golovokruzheniem, inogda poterya soznaniya.

    algoritm okazaniya pervoj pomoshi pri zheludochno-kishechnom krovotechenii

    dlya togo, chtoby ostanovit zheludochno-kishechnoe krovotechenie, cheloveka neobhodimo dostavit v stacionar.

    odnako dovrachebnaya pomosh budet zakluchatsya v sleduushem:

    1. The abdomen should be cold put a heating pad or an ice pack.

    2. Could put some ice and to give people small portions, so he swallowed it.

    3. Deliver the victim to the hospital.

    Read more: Causes, symptoms, first aid, and diagnosis of gastrointestinal bleeding


    First aid for bleeding

    The rendering of first aid in any type of bleeding is either a full stop or slowing blood loss until such time as the victim will not be in the hands of a specialist. It is important to distinguish between the types of bleeding and be able to correctly use the means at hand for their stay. Although it is better to have a home kit and personal vehicles have always been bandage, cotton wool, tourniquet, individual first aid kit and disinfectant means. Two important rules of first aid - not to harm humans and act promptly, because in some cases, every minute is important.

    In order to properly administer first aid when bleeding, you need to:

    • Tourniquet above the wound, if bleeding is arterial.
    • To impose swabs and bandage below the wound, if the bleeding is venous.
    • To disinfect and bandage the wound, if the bleeding capillary.
    • Lay person in a horizontal position, applied to the injured place cold and as quickly as possible to get him to the hospital, if the bleeding lung or gastrointestinal.

    It is important to pinch the vein or vessel to buy time to get the person to hospital, or transfer to the ambulance crew. The responding physicians, if done correctly, will not tie a tourniquet or bandage. They can enter the individual an intravenous injection of solutions of Menadione, or Calcium Chloride, or other styptic, measure blood pressure, if necessary, introduce drugs to normalize heart activity. Then the person will give into the hands of the surgeon.

    Knowing the basic rules, can one day save the lives of not only another person, but himself as well.