Home / Treatment / Kidney disease in men and women

Kidney disease in men and women

Kidney disease in men and women include various pathologies that impede the normal functioning of the urinary system. Each of the diseases has its own peculiarities, different clinical picture and methods of treatment. According to statistics, various pathologies of the kidneys affects about 4% of Russia's population, although experts are of the opinion that this figure significantly underestimated. The fact that a kidney disease are asymptomatic and people don't even know about existing health problems. It is therefore important to understand main kidney diseases, to know their symptoms and basic treatments.

Often a person learns that he has advanced stage kidney disease completely by accident, coming to be examined about a completely different problem. Between the doctors even called kidney silent bodies as the first signs of the disease in some cases appear when they cease to work. Of course, to suspect the disease the doctor may want blood, but it is necessary that this analysis fell into the hands of the nephrologist, which is extremely rare. Very often for the first time, patients learn about the existence of such a doctor when admitted to hospital with myocardial infarction.

The fact that when the kidneys cease to function normally, blood increases dramatically the level of calcium, which tends to be deposited on the blood vessels making their lumen already. It is therefore not surprising that patients with kidney failure often die at the age of 30-40 years. In this case, the cause of death be cardiovascular disease.

It is noteworthy that Nephrology has begun to actively develop throughout the world once held in America studies have revealed a very disappointing figures. It was found that 12% of U.S. residents have chronic kidney disease, and 10% of people diagnosed with coronary heart disease. People with heart disease receive treatment, because they know about the disease, and people with kidney disease frequently suffer myocardial infarction, not knowing what was the cause of their development. Such a sad fate befalls 90% of renal patients.

To treat people with kidney conditions is very expensive for the budget of any country, including Russia. For example, the procedure of hemodialysis costs about 7,000 rubles, and it should be done three times per week throughout the patient's life. So to get to treatment far from each patient. So, from one million people are provided with hemodialysis be only 212 people. And get treatment only in regions with sufficient budget. Itas for the kidney transplant. The transplantation centers are in Krasnodar, Moscow and St. Petersburg, but they are taking treatment of "their" patients. Therefore, renal patient from Rostov easier to transplant an organ in another country than, for example, in St. Petersburg. The output of these people, only one – to move to another region to obtain adequate your disease treatment.

Cheaper treatment for people whose kidney disease is detected in a timely manner, therefore it is recommended to undergo renal ultrasound to pass AS TANK. This is especially true for people from risk groups: high blood pressure, diabetics, people with obesity and atherosclerosis.

It is important to remember that to start a kidney diseases can the following factors:

  • Sudden loss of body mass due to depletion of adipose capsule, which surrounds the kidneys.

  • Obesity. Excess fat puts pressure on kidneys, impairing their work. In addition, obesity worsens vascular tone.

  • Diabetes.

  • Bad habits (Smoking and alcohol). Thickens the blood, as alcohol leads to dehydration, and tobacco smoke is a powerful carcinogen. All this adversely affects the kidneys.

  • High blood pressure, which damages renal blood vessels and disrupts their functioning.

To suspect yourself of kidney disease, you can, if attentive to their own health.

So, symptoms of irregularities in their work are:

  • Swelling of the face with formation of bags under the eyes, edema of the lower extremities. By evening, these swelling subside. The skin becomes dry, pale, possibly yellowing.

  • To pyelonephritis and hydronephrosis may indicate pain in the lumbar region.

  • Fatigue, weakness, increase in body temperature, headaches – all these symptoms allow you to suspect kidney disease.
  • The reason for going to the doctor should be a violation of the odor, color and volume of urine.

The content of the article:


Kidney disease:pyelonephritis

Pyelonephritis is a kidney disease of a chronic nature. The disease is widely distributed in urological practice. About 2/3 of all visits to the urologist ends with a diagnosis of pyelonephritis an acute or chronic nature, with loss of one or both kidneys.

The causes of the disease

Causes of pyelonephritis are that in renal tissue begin to multiply pathogenic bacteria:

  • Pathogenic microorganisms (in 90% of cases is E. coli) infiltrating the kidney in the upward path. Through the urethra, they get into the bladder and above. Increasingly affected women, due to anatomical structure of their urinary system.
  • Bacteria can get into the kidneys due to vesicoureteral reflux. During this process, the opposite occurs urine reflux into the renal pelvis, as its outflow for one reason or another is broken. The stagnation of urine in the kidneys contributes to the fact that it begins to breed bacteria that provoke the development of the disease.
  • Rare, but still possible infection of the kidney by hematogenous when bacteria get into them from the blood from other foci of inflammation.
  • Increases the risk of developing the disease in the case that the ureter was occluded with a stone or pregatiti enlarged prostate.

Symptoms

The symptoms of acute and chronic pyelonephritis are different.

Signs indicating acute stage of the disease:

  • The sudden development of the disease with acute onset and fever to high elevations (up to 39-40 degrees).
  • The patient perspires heavily, loses his appetite, increasing weakness.
  • Headaches may be accompanied by nausea and even vomiting.
  • In the lumbar region, pain. They can be of different intensity, often localized to one side.
  • The urine becomes turbid, possibly staining it red.
  • Blood tests show increased white blood cells and ESR.

With regard to chronic pyelonephritis, often it is asymptomatic and occurs on the background of undertreated acute pyelonephritis. A person may experience weakness and malaise, worsening appetite, often lead to headaches. Sometimes in the lumbar region there is a feeling of discomfort. If the disease is left without proper treatment, eventually the patient will develop renalfailure.

Treatment

If pyelonephritis occurs in uncomplicated form, the patient shows a conservative treatment in the urology Department of the hospital. He mandatory prescribed antibiotics, which are chosen according to the sensitivity identified in the analysis of urine microflora. Therapy should be initiated with a drug with maximum efficiency. It can be antibacterial agents of the cephalosporin, a fluoroquinolone. Ampicillin is used to treat pyelonephritis less.

In parallel, the patient shows a detoxification therapy, there is a diet low in protein in the food. After the body temperature returns to normal, the patient is transferred to the regular diet with increased liquid volume.

If the cause of the disease is a violation of the outflow of urine, it must be removed, and then prescribe antibiotics, immunotherapy is carried out. Often, the restoration of passage of urine is carried out by surgery (removal of kidney stones, nephropexy, removal of prostate adenoma, etc.).

With regard to the chronic form of the disease, the treatment is built on the same pattern, but it is longer. Short courses of antibiotic therapy prescribed to people with chronic pyelonephritis, even after reaching remission.

Find out more: Pyelonephritis of the kidneys in women - causes, symptoms and how to treat?


Diseases of kidneys: glomerulonephritis

Glomerulonephritis is an immune-inammatory disease of the kidneys with primary defeat glomerular. Also in the pathological process involved the renal tubules and interstitial tissue. Pathology may be primary, but may develop on the background of other systemic diseases.

Very often from glomerulonephritis affects children, the disease is in second place after infectious lesions of the urinary system. Furthermore, it is the most frequent glomerulonephritis urologic disease leads to disability, as it provokes earlier development of renal failure.

Symptoms

Symptoms of acute glomerulonephritis appear in the following triad of symptoms:

  • The decrease in the amount of urine, the appearance in it of blood. Typically, the amount of discharge of urine decreases in the first 3 days from the onset of the disease, and then comes back to normal. As for the blood, most often its a bit gross hematuria is very rare.
  • the Appearance of edema. Swollen face, especially in the morning.
  • Increase in blood pressure. This symptom is observed in 60% of patients. And in childhood this causes different pathology of heart and vessels.

If the disease develops in children, it often proceeds very rapidly and completes a full recovery of the patient. In adulthood even acute glomerulonephritis may have blurred clinical picture, which helps chronicization disease.

Sometimes it is possible to increase body temperature, chills, loss of appetite, weakness and pain in the lumbar region. Chronic glomerulonephritis has a tendency to recurrences, which occur most frequently in autumn and spring.

The causes of the disease

The following causes of glomerulonephritis:

  • Streptococcal infection is acute or chronic. To the development of kidney disease may cause sore throat, tonsillitis, pneumonia, streptoderma, scarlet fever.
  • Sometimes cause inflammation of the kidneys becomes measles, respiratory viral infection and chickenpox.
  • Prolonged hypothermia especially when increased humidity often leads to the development of the disease. In this case, the doctors called glomerulonephritis "trench".
  • There is evidence that the disease can develop in the setting of toxoplasmosis and meningitis.

With regard to streptococcal infection, the kidney disease cause not all of them, namely nephritogenic strains of bacteria.

Treatment

Treatment of glomerulonephritis with an acute over spend in the hospital. Patient recommended dietary table number 7 and strict bed rest. Alongside with treatment therapy with antibacterial drugs, including Penicillin, Ampiox, Erythromycin.

All patients with glomerulonephritis shows the correction of immunity. With this purpose, the prescribed hormonal drugs – Prednisone and non-hormonal drugs – Imuran Cyclophosphamide. To relieve inflammation consider taking Voltaren. If necessary, patients prescribed diuretics to reduce swelling, as well as conduct therapy aimed at normalizing blood pressure.

With regard to chronic forms of the disease, then it is treated in a similar way, but over a longer period of time. In remission the patients shown Spa treatment and two-year follow-up by the nephrologist.

Find out more: Glomerulonephritis – causes and symptoms


Kidney disease: kidney failure

src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAaaabaaeaaai=" onload="al.g(this)"

Acute renal failure is a malfunction of the kidneys, which in some cases manages to give back development. The pathology is characterized by severe or complete shutdown of the organs. Affects all functions that perform the kidneys are: excretory, secretory, filtration.

The causes of the disease

Causes of acute renal failure are diverse.

It is convenient to consider using forms of this disease:

  • To prerenal renal failure, which is accompanied by severe circulatory disorders that can lead reduced cardiac effusion resulting from heart failure, arrhythmia, cardiogenic shock, etc. Also provoke this form of the disease capable severe bleeding, severe diarrhoea with dehydration of the body, ascites, extensive burns of the body. Bakteriostaticheski and anaphylactic shock are often the cause of failure of kidneys.
  • To renal form acute renal failure causes ischemia of the tissues of the kidneys, or toxic damage (in case of poisoning with poisons, heavy metals, when receiving nephrotoxic drugs). More rarely there is inflammation of the kidneys, alcohol or drug coma, kidney injury, accompanied by prolonged compression of the tissues of the body.
  • To postrenal renal failure cause of acute obstruction (blockage) of the urinary tract. It can occur due to kidney stones, tumors in the prostate and bladder, with tuberculosis infection.

Symptoms

Symptoms of acute renal failure occur in four major phases, including:

  • Characteristic symptoms pointing to the kidney failure of the people during the manifestation of the disease is not, as the fore signs of the underlying pathology. You may experience weakness, sleepiness, poor appetite. But these symptoms are often referred to as the etiological manifestation of the disease.
  • Of urine output begins to decrease, the patient develops diarrhea, vomiting. The person becomes lethargic and wants to sleep, probably a coma. Often suffer other organs, including heart, pancreas. It is possible the development of sepsis and pneumonia. This stage is called oligoanalgesia. It lasts about two weeks.
  • If there are no complications of the disease, the person gradually begins to go better. The amount allocatedincreases urine comes to normal water-salt balance of the body.
  • Completed acute renal failure recovery of the patient. This stage is quite lengthy and can take up to one year. During this time gradual restoration of all body functions.

Treatment

Treatment of acute renal failure is aimed primarily at eliminating the causes that brought about the development of the disease. In parallel, activities aimed at the normalization of the pressure, to fill the lost volume of liquid. If necessary, the patient washed the intestines.

Method of extracorporal hemocorrection allows to cleanse the body of toxic substances that have accumulated as a result of violation of the work of the kidneys. The purification included hemosorption and plazmaferez.

If the cause of disorders of the kidneys was the obstruction then remove it surgically.

To normalize the diuresis shows the intake of Furosemide and osmotic diuretics. Patients should diet low protein and limit the amount of potassium. If necessary, the patient is prescribed antibiotics, but the dose should be selected with special care.

Hemodialysis performed as a method of preventing the development of serious complications. Modern urological practice actively uses it even in the early stages of the development of acute renal failure and prevention.

Learn more: Acute renal failure: symptoms, complications and treatment

Kidney disease: kidney stones (nephrolithiasis)

Urolithiasis is a disease accompanied by the formation of kidney stones (it is possible their formation in the bladder and other organs). The disease is widespread, can manifest at any age, but is most often diagnosed in people aged 25-50.

The causes of the disease

The reasons for the formation of kidney stones based on the process of crystallization of urine.

Factors provocateurs may be:

  • Genetic predisposition.
  • Failure to comply with drinking regime, especially when staying in hot climate areas. Dangerous regular consumption of water witha high content of salts of calcium and also addicted to spicy, fatty and salty dishes.
  • Dehydration as a result of illness, accompanied by vomiting and diarrhea.
  • Vitamin deficiency, particularly a lack of vitamin D and vitamin A.
  • Various diseases of the body: osteoporosis, osteomyelitis, hyperparathyroidism, disease of the digestive tract (gastritis, ulcer, colitis), infections of the urinary system (cystitis, pyelonephritis, nephrotuberculosis) as well as prostatitis and BPH. Threat any condition that interfere with the normal flow of urine.

Symptoms

Symptoms of kidney depend on what volume of gems, what their number and composition. The main symptoms are:

  • Pain of varying intensity localized in the lumbar region;
  • Renal colic;
  • Blood in the urine;
  • Pus in the urine;
  • Sometimes a kidney stone leaves alone along with urine.

However, about 15% of patients are not even aware they have kidney stones, as they did not manifest itself.

Treatment

There are two possible treatment of kidney stones kidney: conservative and operative. However, they both have as their goal the removal of stones from organs.

If the patient is found a small stone, which in total will not exceed 3 mm, then it is recommended to drink plenty of water diet with the exception of meat dishes.

If the uric acid stone, you should follow the diet with emphasis on dairy drinks and foods of plant origin, it is important to drink mineral water (alkaline). Acidic mineral water is recommended for phosphate rock. It's also possible prescription drugs that promote dissolution of stones, and diuretics, and nitrofurans. However, such treatment can be extremely qualified.

If the patient is admitted with renal colic, he urgently introduce Baralgin, Platifillin or Pantopon, to eliminate the pain. Novocaine blockade of the spermatic cord or round ligament of the uterus, depending on the sex of the patient do in that case, if renal colic is not the introduction of pain medications.

Surgery is required if there are regular renal colic develops pyelonephritis, ureteral stricture or other threats to the health of the patient condition.

Find out more: kidney Stones — causes and symptoms


Kidney: hydronephrosis

src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAaaabaaeaaai=" onload="al.g(this)"

Hydronephrosis is atrophy of the renal tissue, which develops due to the expansion Cup the renal pelvis complex, due to the violation of passage of urine. At the age of 60 years, the disease increasingly affects women, while after age 60 the pathology is more frequently diagnosed in men. This is due to the development of BPH or prostate cancer.

Atrophy of nephrons and tubules of the kidneys is the outcome of the disease. It begins with the fact that due to problems with the flow of urine increases the pressure in the ureter, suffering the filtering function, impaired organ blood flow.

The causes of the disease

Causes of hydronephrosis include:

  • The presence of tumor, polyps, stones or blood clots in the ureter.
  • Fungal diseases of the urethra.
  • Infection of the urethra (tuberculosis, endometriosis, etc.), its strictures and diverticula.
  • Cervical cancer, pregnancy, uterine prolapse, ovarian cyst, prostate tumor, aneurysm of the aorta in the abdomen, anomaly location of the renal artery.
  • Kidney stones, bladder diverticulum, contracture of his neck, vesicoureteral reflux and other pathologies of this organ.
  • Congenital obstruction of the urinary tract, injury and inflammation.

Symptoms

The symptoms of hydronephrosis will depend on how long the patient has a blockage of the urinary tract, as well as from the fact that this issue has caused.

Possible options for the development of the clinical picture:

  • Acute development of the disease manifests in severe lumbar pain with them radiating to the groin, perineum and genitals. Urination begins to increase and cause pain. You may experience nausea and even vomiting. Blood is often found in the blood.
  • Hidden disease is most frequently observed in unilateral hydronephrosis is an aseptic nature. May lead to a slight lower back pain, which become stronger after exercise. In addition, the person begins to consume more fluids. As the progression of pathology joins chronic fatigue, increased blood pressure.

It is noteworthy that people with hydronephrosis prefer to do during a night's rest to lie on your stomach. This improves the flow of urine from the diseased kidney, as it leads to redistribution of the pressure inside the abdominal cavity.


Developmental abnormalities of the kidneys

Kidney nephroptosis

Kidney nephroptosis is characterized by abnormal mobility of the organ with its displacement of more than 2 cm in the vertical position of the body and more 3 cm when the forced breath.

  • Causes of nephroptosis can be caused by decreased muscle tone of the stomach muscles, hypermobility of the joints. There are occupational risk factors. So, nephroptosis more susceptible to the drivers, barbers, surgeons, porters, due to either prolonged physical stress while being in the same position, or constant vibration. Perhaps the development of pathology due to various anomalies skeleton, for example, in the absence of the vertebrae. Sometimes nephroptosis occurs in women carrying a large baby.
  • Symptoms of nephroptosis are manifested in a pulling pain radiating to the abdomen. When the kidney back into place, the pain subsides. The formation of renal colic, disorders of the digestive organs, neurasthenia due to chronic pelvic pain. In severe pathology may develop kidney failure, persistent urinary infection.
  • Conservative treatment by wearing special bandages, performing gymnastic exercises and with power supply, poorly prescribed for severe nephroptosis. If the pathology is complicated and leads to serious disturbances in the kidneys and other organs, then surgical treatment is necessary. The operation is called "nephropexy", it is returning the kidney to its original place with subsequent fixations on the to next located structures.

Polycystic kidney disease

Polycystic kidney disease refers to congenital anomalies of development of organs and is characterized by the formation of multiple cysts. In the pathological process involved both kidneys.

  • Causes of polycystic kidneys caused by genetic disorders inherited in an autosomal dominantno type.
  • Symptoms in newborns are developing rapidly and lead to the death of the child. In adulthood the symptoms are growing slowly, are characterized by a gradual malfunction of the kidneys by the type of chronic renal failure.
  • Treatment of polycystic kidney disease is reduced to symptomatic therapy. To eliminate infections use antibiotics and uroseptic funds. It is important to engage in the prevention of kidney disease: you need to abandon heavy physical work, follow a diet to dotimely elimination of foci of chronic infection. In end-stage renal disease raises the question of organ transplantation. To maintain the body's recommended hemodialysis.

Find out more: Polycystic disease – causes and symptoms

Dystopia kidney

Dystopia kidney is a violation of their location. This anomaly refers to congenital malformations. The kidneys may be located low down, can be shifted into the pelvic cavity, chest, etc.

  • The cause of dystopia of the kidney anomalies of fetal development that occur during fetal development.
  • The symptoms of the dystopia might not be, and can be expressed in dull lumbar pain. Their distribution depends on where exactly are the kidneys.
  • The treatment comes down to conservative therapy, which aims to prevent the development of kidney infection, as well as the formation of stone. Surgical removal of the kidney is carried out at her death.

Malignant tumor of the kidney

Malignant tumor of the kidney is a group of diseases, which brings together various malignant transformation of renal tissue. Among the General mass cancer, renal carcinoma occurs in 2-3% of cases. Most often, the disease affects people after the age of 40 years.

Reasons

Causes of malignant tumors of the kidneys due to many factors, among which:

  • Gene mutations.
  • Genetic predisposition.
  • Bad habits.
  • Uncontrolled intake of drugs (hormones, diuretics, analgesics).
  • Chronic kidney failure, polycystic kidney disease, nephrosclerosis of various etiologies.
  • Carcinogenic poisoning of the body, the effects of radiation.
  • Trauma to the kidneys.

Symptoms

The most common symptoms of malignant tumors of the kidney does not manifest itself. Asymptomatic is characteristic of the early stages of disease development.

As it progression of the patient has the following triad of symptoms:

  • Blood in the urine.
  • Pain in the lumbar region.
  • The appearance of the tumor which can be felt.

Naturally, all three signsat the same time will be observed only in the later stages of the disease. Other manifestations of malignant tumors of the kidney are: fever, loss of appetite, swelling of the lower extremities, degeneration, etc.

Treatment

Treatment of malignant tumors of the kidneys is reduced to surgical removal of tumors. Resort to it even in the later stages of the disease and the presence of metastasis. This allows you to increase the life of the patient and to improve its quality.

Use resection of the kidney or the global removal of the organ. As an additional method of treatment that increases efficiency of operations, using immunotherapy, chemotherapy and targeted therapy. Palliative treatment is carried out with extensive metastasis of tumor to lymph nodes.

Find out more: Signs, symptoms, stages and treatment of kidney cancer