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Vomiting

The reflex act of vomiting occurred during the evolution of man and always preceded by nausea. And nausea and vomiting – subcortical reflexes, therefore, they cannot be suppressed by effort of will, and the human mind cannot control them. The main purpose of vomiting is ridding the body of toxins, poisons, chemical compounds inside it from the outside or produced by your own tissues and organs.

Various pathologies and States manifest themselves by nausea and vomiting. It may be the only symptoms of the disease, or reflex acts perform in combination with other features. Vomiting is always preceded by nausea – a feeling that is hard to confuse with other feelings. Symptoms of nausea – "sucks in the stomach", increased salivation (salivation), a person becomes pale, his out in a cold sweat, the growing sense of faintness and a semiconscious state.

Vomiting – ejection through the esophagus and mouth of the stomach contents outward. It is manifested by seizures that are caused by contractions of the abdominal muscles. Vomiting accompany pain in the stomach, a man covered with sticky cold sweat. When gag act the larynx and the soft palate rises, and the epiglottis is lowered, which prevents the airway from ingress of vomit.

For the occurrence of this complex reflex answers the vomiting center located in one of the ventricles of the brain. He is excited at the increase in intracranial pressure, the influence of impulses from the labyrinth of the inner ear, from mental stimuli, chemical reactions excited by enters the blood poisons, toxins, drugs, as well as the irritation of certain receptors on various parts of the body. The most sensitive receptors are located on the back of the throat, also, they are equipped with the peritoneum, mesenteric vessels, bile ducts.

Causes of nausea and vomiting:

  • Pathology and damage to various parts of the Central nervous system;
  • Food, drug, and alcohol intoxication;
  • Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract;
  • Psychogenic causes;
  • Very severe pain of any origin.

Vomiting is not a specific symptom, but the assessment of its features in combination with other manifestations and the study of vomit can greatly facilitate diagnosis of diseases.

The content of the article:


What disease can specify constant vomiting?

There are different groups of diseases that occur from constant vomiting. Depending on the nature of its occurrence and characteristics of the diagnosed disease:

To clarify the diagnosis is carried out bacteriological, chemical, cytological vomit, studying the relationship of vomiting to eating (vomiting of morning, early, late, on an empty stomach, night, and cyclic).


Why may be vomiting water?

This form of vomiting is very rare, except induced vomiting if gastric lavage.

The cause of vomiting in children water:

  • Runny nose;

  • Colds;
  • Teething;
  • Pathology of ear, throat, nose.

All of these reasons are due to the ingestion of large amounts of mucus. It drains from the nasal and oral cavity to the throat and esophagus into the stomach. Irritation of its mucosa causing gagging. The consequence is vomiting water without impurities.

In the absence of visible causes of this symptom manifests itself because of the excessive dry air, exposure to the air in frosty weather, and also due to allergic reactions. In this case, allocate a large amount of mucus – a protective reaction of the organism to negative environmental effects. Then everything happens according to the above described algorithm – the mucus irritates the mucous membrane of the stomach where ingested in excess.

To eliminate this symptom in children is not difficult, it is necessary to create optimal conditions for life and treat pathology of the ENT organs.

If vomiting water is diagnosed in an adult, this may be due to long breaks between meals. Gastric juice secreted is reflex, and the more a break between the food, the more juice formed in the stomach. If a large amount of juice causes vomiting, it may seem that it's vomiting water. Visually, these liquids do not differ from each other.

For various reasons a person does not feel that he is hungry, however, the body needs food. This condition causes over-production of gastric juice and vomit-like water.


Could there be vomiting with mucus and why?

The mucus is found in many pathologies in children and adults. Diseases in which vomiting is diagnosed with mucus:

Vomiting with mucus in infants – a normal variant. However, in this age category such vomiting can be a result of the accumulation of mucus by inflammation of the bronchi. An infant is unable to cough up due to age. When children use products specific consistency (milk, jelly, fruit juices with pulp) also has a vomiting with mucus.


Could it be black vomit and is it dangerous?

Vomiting black color can be a symptom of serious pathology or have a physiological reason for the appearance. Some products stained vomiting in black: it's chocolate, berries with dark flesh and others Knowing about their use before the vomiting, one can focus only on relieving this unpleasant symptom.

Most dangerous is vomiting "coffee grounds". It is evidence of bleeding in the stomach or 12-duodenum. The peculiar appearance of the blood suggests that it is oxidized and curled up under the influence of gastric juice.

Diseases that cause bleeding in the digestive tract:

  • Neoplasm of any etiology (tumor, polyps);

  • Injury to the mucosa of the stomach or intestines;
  • Hemorrhagic disease;
  • Ulcerative lesions of the stomach or small intestine;
  • Side effects of drugs that can cause damage to the stomach or intestines (Indomethacin, Aspirin, Ibuprofen, drugs, steroid hormones);
  • Alcoholism.

Gastric or intestinal bleeding is accompanied by dizziness, weakness. The skin of the patient becomes pale, there is a sense of apathy, a person can fall into a swoon. These symptoms is a reason to immediately call "ambulance", because delay may be life-threatening. If the black vomiting is the only symptom, the doctor will still need to apply as soon as possible.


At what disease may be a temperature of 38, and vomiting?

Diseases in which there is a combination of vomiting and high temperature:

The vast majority of cases these symptoms are observed it with infections of the gastrointestinal tract. Children can react by vomiting on rapid temperature rise in any inflammatory process.

Initial symptoms of intestinal infections and viral diseases are very similar: in fact, and in another case observed hyperthermia, redness of the throat, vomiting. Specific symptoms manifest themselves a little later.

In any case, when the combination of vomiting with a temperature of 38 urgent need to call the "first aid". To differentiate poisoning from appendicitis is not possible without a medical examination. Acute appendicitis requires urgent surgical intervention, serious poisoning involves treatment in a hospital.

Topic: How to bring down the temperature in an adult?


Can antibiotics cause vomiting?

Drugs from the group of antibiotics have a large number of side effects, and vomiting is seen when using these drugs along with other symptoms.

Causes of vomiting in patients receiving antibiotics:

  • Vomiting is a side effect of a particular drug;
  • There is a incompatibility with the antibiotic at the same time accept drugs from other pharmacological groups;
  • During antibiotic therapy was a violation of diet took place or the use of alcohol.

The appearance of vomiting depends on the form in which the drug is taken. Antibiotics in tablet form are more likely to cause vomiting than the same drugs used in the form of injections. It is not necessary to refuse a specific medication if its oral use causes vomiting. Worth a try intravenous or intramuscular administration. Correction of dosage in the direction of reducing the volume or frequency of the medication will reduce the risk of this unpleasant side effect, but at the same time can hurt the effectiveness of the treatment.

Antibiotics, which can cause vomiting:

  • Amoxicillin;
  • Azithromycin (Sumamed);
  • Tetracycline;
  • Streptomycin;
  • Ciprofloxacin (Ciprobay, Ciprinol, Tsiprolet);
  • Ampicillin;
  • Erythromycin;
  • Metronidazole (Trihopol, Metrogyl);
  • Neomycin;
  • Cefpodoxim (Cefodox);
  • Gentamicin;
  • Doxycycline.

Drugs causing vomiting in concurrent usage with antibiotics:

  • NSAIDs (Ibuprofen, Aspirin, Diclofenac, Indometacin);
  • Cardiac glycosides;
  • Estrogens;
  • Potassium sulfate, iron sulfate;
  • Antiviral agents.

Alcohol and eating fatty foods during antibiotic therapy induce vomiting and increase this side effect.

Can a fever after vomiting and why?

Fever after vomiting suggests that there is a poisoning, hepatitis, intestinal infections (salmonellosis, dysentery). Poisoning with poor-quality food manifests itself by diarrhea, a combination of nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain. The temperature increase can be observed already after vomiting. This suggests that the toxins entered the blood. Despite the fact that an attack of vomiting reduced number trapped in the body of poisons even their minimum amount can cause hyperthermia.

Activities for detoxification:

  • Gastric lavage;
  • Administration of diuretics (Furosemide);
  • Reception of sorbents (POLYSORB, Enterosgel).

If these measures do not yield the desired effect, and the temperature is not normalized, the most likely cause of hyperthermia – intestinal infections (dysentery, salmonellosis) or viral hepatitis. For further diagnosis you need to consult with an infectious diseases doctor.


Worms can induce vomiting?

Helminth infection induce vomiting in children and adults. Its specific form is foamy discharge white. It does not appear immediately after infection, and after 2-3 weeks.

In the first stage, a sick person may appear dry cough and dermatitis, in appearance similar to urticaria Allergy. At the end of the first stage, these symptoms are joined by nausea, excessive salivation, signs of anxiety.

The appearance of vomiting white foam is the reason for seeking a parasitologist orinfectious disease. The refined diagnosis is made after the analysis of a feces on eggs of worms in a specialized laboratory.


Complications and consequences of vomiting

Short-term vomiting does not bring significant harm to the human body. Prolonged vomiting, in contrast, causes serious metabolic disorders.

Complications and consequences of long-term vomiting:

  • There is a decrease in volume of the intracellular fluid, loss of hydrogen ions develops alkalosis – change in acid-base balance towards alkaline substances;
  • The loss of excessive potassium and its excretion by the kidneys occurs hypokalemia;
  • The metabolic disorders lead to loss of consciousness and the paralysis;

  • As a consequence of hypokalemia appears arrhythmia, muscle weakness, nocturnal polyuria – increased volume of urine released along with frequent night urination;
  • In severe vomiting possible rupture of esophageal mucosa, transmural rupture of esophagus, rupture of the mucous membrane of the esophageal-gastric junction followed by abundant bleeding.

These complications are particularly relevant for children, debilitated patients, elderly. Patients with mental disorders can aspirate vomit into the respiratory tract. These complications lead to respiratory problems, the occurrence of aspiration pneumonia.


First aid for vomiting

With vomiting of the human body freed from toxic substances. Exception – vestibular disorders and motion sickness, a condition after cranial injury, high nervous tension, stress.

Rules of first aid:

  • You can't stop the gag act, should wait for its completion;
  • After this man need to sit down, to cover the chest and knees with a towel or clean cloth, put a bucket, a basin accessible;
  • If a person is suffering from vomiting attack, can only be lying, to try to his head was located below the level of the chest;
  • The patient, being unconscious, you should tilt your head to one side, lest he choke on the vomit;
  • After each attack you need to rinse your mouth with cool water;
  • Bed rest during such attacks was observed only in poor state of health;
  • Forstop vomiting use Motilium, Reglan, mint drops, Scopolamine (for motion sickness), the sorbent (activated carbon).

Particular caution should be exercised if the vomit has blood impurities, they look like coffee grounds. It is a sign of gastric bleeding, this condition requires immediate treatment for medical help. The loss of large amounts of fluid by vomiting leads to dehydration. You need to recover the lost liquid fluids and restore an optimal concentration of mineral salts.

Solutions for edema mineral deficiencies:

  • Regidron, Trisol – normalize fluid and electrolyte balance, prevents dehydration;
  • Gastrolith – in addition to the above properties of the anti-inflammatory effect, as the product contains chamomile extract. Gastrolith pour boiling water and infuse until cool;
  • Saline solution homemade – 1 liter of boiled water add 1 tsp salt, 1/2 tsp of baking soda, 7 tsp of sugar, mix thoroughly until complete dissolution of components.

Any salt solution should be drunk in small SIPS every 5-10 minutes. You can alternate this drink with unsweetened tea or 5% glucose solution. This technique helps to avoid excess salts.


How to stop vomiting?

This symptom occurs for many reasons. Eliminate vomiting by applying in each case specific causal treatment aimed to fight the cause of the disease. If the cause failed, to stop the vomiting, apply symptomatic agents.

Antiemetic drugs:

  • When malfunction of the vestibular apparatus, causing vomiting during motion sickness, take Scopolamine, Ciel. The optimal dose is 1-2 tablets 2-3 times a day. Contraindications to the use of the drug Ciel – driving a car, as it reduces the concentration of attention;
  • Vomiting after chemotherapy and radiotherapy in the treatment of malignant tumors, as well as multiple episodes of vomiting on a background of gastroenteritis eliminate drugs Emetron and Setronon. The main active ingredient of these funds – ondansetron, the release form – tablets, solution for injection. Contraindications – hepatitis of various etiology;
  • Vomiting, the appearance of which is associated with the Central nervous system, successfully docked drugs Motilium and Reglan. It can occur in migraine, traumatic brain injury, renal disease, atony of the stomach,the gastroenteritis. Drugs take 1 tablet before meals 3-4 times a day;

  • Vomiting as a symptom of pathology of the digestive tract, eliminate the drug Cisapride (Koordinaks). The tool effectively Cerucal and Motylium, but the spectrum of its action is limited to the digestive system. Application: 1-2 tablets before meals;
  • Vomiting caused by morning sickness of pregnancy, stop by a homeopathic preparation of Cocolin.


How to relieve vomiting after alcohol?

Abuse of alcohol is of low quality or excessive use, in most cases, causes severe vomiting. It is accompanied by very unpleasant sensations, as is always combined with a strong and painful spasms of the stomach. Cleavage products of alcohol in combination with half-digested food passing through the esophagus and mouth, may irritate the mucosa. All these feelings leave an impression from vomiting after drinking, as from a painful and hard process portable.

Vomiting – this kind of body's defense against absorption into the blood of toxic substances formed by decomposition of ethanol. Therefore, the stop process is not necessary, on the contrary, in many cases it vomiting helps to reduce the effects of alcohol poisoning.

To facilitate state of the person with alcohol vomiting are as follows:

  • Prepare a solution of soda to lessen the acidity of vomit at the rate of 2 tbsp baking soda per gallon of water. You need to drink as much soda solution until the appearance of retching;
  • After the first attack of vomiting rinse your mouth with clean water with lemon juice;
  • Prepare a mash of crushed activated carbon (2 tbsp carbon dust per 1 liter of water) and drink it whenever possible. If vomiting has ended, activated charcoal will bind the remaining toxins in the gastrointestinal tract;
  • If vomiting after coal mash resumed, rinse mouth and drink one of the available in the home medicine Cabinet enterosorbents (Intersorb, POLYSORB, Polifepan) to bind remaining in the stomach and intestines of toxins;
  • Each episode ends with vomiting rinse mouth and drink mineral water.

To what doctor to address?

For the diagnosis of the disease, manifested by vomiting, need to address to the gastroenterologist or the therapist. If the Central symptom is vomiting, it isyou may need to consult a neurologist, and at psychogenic vomiting – therapist.

Treatment of vomiting is impossible without a thorough diagnosis of the underlying disease and treatment of its manifestations. Do not leave without attention the manifestations of the gag reflex, they can be a symptom of dangerous pathologies.